State space models with nonstationary processes and fixed regression effects require a state vector with diffuse initial conditions. Different likelihood functions can be adopted for the estimation of parameters in time series models with diffuse initial conditions. In this paper we consider...

This paper examines the effect of land subsidence - the gradual sinking of the Earth's surface - on property values. Subsidence can negatively affect real estate by damaging building foundations and increasing vulnerability to flooding. Using detailed property transaction data from the...