This study proposes a mathematical optimization model for a two-echelon location-routing problem in the last-mile delivery e-commerce environment. The e-commerce firm delivers each customer's demand at home or through delivery points. Customers could be unavailable when the vehicle arrives at...

A concept of relevance to spot markets for truck-based freight transportation services is the price of anarchy (PoA), which defines the performance inferiority of decentralized market mechanisms for consummating transactions (vis-à-vis centralized mechanisms). To examine this concept in the...