This is the final of a series of four papers on the development of a general framework for error analysis in measurement-based geographic information systems (MBGIS). In this paper, we discuss the error analysis problems in length and area measurements under measurement error (ME) of the...

This is the first of a four-part series of papers which proposes a general framework for error analysis in measurement-based geographical information systems (MBGIS). The purpose of the series is to investigate the fundamental issues involved in measurement error (ME) analysis in MBGIS, and to...