Customs-related corruption costs World Customs Organisation (WCO) members at least $2 billion in customs revenue each … only help reduce corruption and improve efficiency - in a large number of customs agencies -- if the customs agency …'s director undertakes a big-bang approach to reform. We also find support for the corruption clubs theory - that customs agencies …

This paper outlines the IMF's perspective on the economic impact of corrup-tion and experience in helping countries … design and implement strategies to address it. Corruption has a broader corrosive impact on society. It undermines trust in … influence and political interference. Corruption afflicts countries at all stages of development. Indeed, some developing …