This paper provides a robust statistical approach to testing the unbiasedness hypothesis in forward exchange market efficiency studies. The methods we use allow us to work explicitly with levels rather than differenced data. They are statistically robust to data distributions with heavy tails,...

The rational expectations model of the term structure is applied to the forward premium on foreign exchange. The model has been previously considered by Hakkio (1981) as a test of a form of market efficiency. Rejection of the model can be due to a failure of the rational expectations hypothesis...