Variance reduction techniques are of much interest to simulation practitioners. However, they typically present formidable difficulties in their implementation, and are, therefore, not widely used. These difficulties stem from the lack of well defined application procedures for the various...

This paper presents a formula which expresses the solution to the steady-state equations of a finite irreducible Markov process in terms of subgraphs of the transition diagram of the process. The formula is similar in spirit to well-known flowgraph formulas, but possesses several unique...