Emission trading programs are incentive-based policy instruments implemented to achieve environmental targets cost-effectively. In these programs, also known as transferable discharge permit (TDP), emission-reduction trading, and cap and trade programs, participants are required to meet...

There can be massive ramifications from natural disasters for civil infrastructure systems. Damage to infrastructure components, such as roads, bridges, levees, dams, buildings and houses, causes economic loss and disrupts critical lifelines. It is necessary to build more resilient...