In this paper we first consider alternative measures of efficiency. We explain why simple partial productivity measures … are inadequate as the basis of overall measures of efficiency, and outline two alternative approaches. The first is … technical efficiency - the degree to which output is maximised for a given level of inputs (or conversely inputs are minimised …

This report provides a framework for making reliable comparisons of the efficiency of rail systems. Efficiency is of … trends in costs and efficiency particularly difficult to track. There are also trade-offs to be made in how detailed the …

the performance, or efficiency, of railways both in the sense of how one railway compares with others (cross-section) and … to revisit the issue of how to define and measure efficiency at the proper level of detail and with reasonably available …

of business diversification and the production efficiency of Japan's major private railway companies from the perspective … companies by evaluating their production efficiency and its changes over time. The results of the analysis reveal that, while … personnel and other overhead expenses and resources, lowering production efficiency. …