Mathematical programming representation has been recently used to describe the behavior of discrete event systems as well as their formal properties. This new way of representing discrete event systems paves the way to the creation of simpler mathematical programming models that reduce the...

Bunker fuel constitutes about three quarters of the operational costs for liners. A strong effort is justified to define operational conditions and management strategies to minimize fuel-related costs, especially if the variability of fuel price is considered. Fuel sellers and liners use...