This paper examines the predictive ability of the consumption-wealth ratio for the U.S. bear stock market using quarterly data on the S&P500 index. By evaluating the in-sample and out-of-sample performance with, respectively, the Pseudo-$R^2$ and the quadratic probability score, it is found that...

In this paper we propose a new class of tests for the martingale difference hypothesis based on the moment conditions derived by Bierens (1982). In contrast with the existing consistent tests, the proposed test has a standard limiting distribution and is easy to implement. Comparing with many...