This Article is the first to systematically consider the Constitution’s identification, definition, and integration of the physical spaces in which it applies. Knowing how the Constitution addresses a particular problem often requires knowing where the problem arises. Yet despite the...

A subset of a topological space (X, ) is called preopen if ⊂ . The complement of a preopen set is called preclosed set. In the literature preopen sets have been utilized to characterize separation axioms, covering properties and functions. The aim of this paper is to introduce and study class...

Let (, ) be a topological space. A point is in the —closure of A, denoted by cl, if each closed neighbourhood of intersects . The pair (, cl) is a closure space, also called a neighbourhood space. A subset is —closed if = cl. —closed sets are closed sets for a new topology on the set . The...