This paper measures high medical expenses in ten developed countries, both overall and by income and age, providing some of the best evidence to date on the extent of high medical spending across and within countries. Using comparable household-level data on out-of pocket (OOP) medical...

Informal, under-the-table, payments to public health providers is an increasingly important source of health financing in developing and transition countries. With basic funding levels and minimal accountability publicly financed and delivered care falls prey to illegal payments, which can...