Strategies for comparison of alternative tests do not receive much attention in econometrics. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of stringency and illustrate it in the context of a very simple hypothesis testing problem. Systematic use of this concept can be very helpful in...

According to western views, wealth is unambiguously good, and so human welfare is positive when wealth is in excess of needs, and negative if it is less. Islam has a substantially more sophisticated view of the relation between wealth and welfare. Excess wealth is a trial, which can bring great...