1. Introduction -- 2. Risk and Risk Perception: Why we are not Rational in the Face of Risk -- 3. Expected Utility … how Information is presented -- 6. Emotions and Zero Risk Bias: Why we make bad Decisions and overspend on Risk Avoidance …We as humans are prone to a variety of wired-in cognitive mistakes in the way we interpret and react to risk …

We study the correlation of choice under risk in Holt-Laury lotteries for gains and losses with gender, the use of … the digit ratio (2D:4D) in more than 200 subjects. In males, salivary testosterone is negatively correlated with risk … aversion for gains only. In females, salivary cortisol is positively correlated with risk aversion for gains only. No other …

affected people’s prospect-theory risk preferences, especially in the loss domain. The panel analysis indicates that with the …