This paper assesses the implications of spatial dependence of outward FDI flows toclarify the importance and prominence of complex foreign direct investment bymultinational enterprises, which are neither purely horizontal nor vertical integrationstrategies. Empirical tests compare the ordinary...

Measurement of knowledge spillovers remains an important challenge. While patent citation analyses are one common empirical approach, questions persist about their efficacy and potential biases. In an effort to assess various measures of knowledge diffusion, this paper compares patent data...

An impressive literature documents how individual-level factors correlate with entrepreneurship and commercialization behaviors. We have far less insight, however, into how different organizational contexts may, in fact, play a dominant role in shaping these individuals and their behaviors. In...

N<sc>elson</sc> A. J. and Z<sc>olnik</sc> E. J. Regional effects of trade on income, <italic>Regional Studies</italic>. Estimating the effects of trade on growth solely from an international perspective runs the risk of ignoring underlying spatial patterns in interregional trade. In this study, spatial variation in international...

Scholars widely acknowledge that university research is critical to innovation and entrepreneurship. Much of the literature on university research, however, evokes a linear model from “science to products” and focuses, therefore, upon a limited set of indicators such as patents and licenses....