Assessing the fairness of a decision making system with respect to a protected class, such as gender or race, is challenging when class membership labels are unavailable. Probabilistic models for predicting the protected class based on observable proxies, such as surname and geolocation for...

The EU-China Summit Joint Statement in April 2019 set an ambitious target for the conclusion of an EU-China Comprehensive Investment Agreement in 2020. However, some critical concerns remain to be addressed. This Perspective discusses market access, national treatment, investment court system...