In this report we study the implementation and effectiveness of the antitrust remedies that the European Commission imposed over the last 20 years pursuant to Article 7 (prohibition decisions) and Article 9 (commitments decisions) of Regulation 1/2003. To this end, we collect evidence from a...

The general objective of the study is first to provide the Commission with input that is relevant for identifying the barriers for demand-response participation in electricity markets and State aid support. Then, data about the costs and revenues of demand-response in electricity markets and...

Regulation (EU) No 1257/2013, the Ship Recycling Regulation (SRR), entered into force on 30 December 2013. To address concerns over its effectiveness, Article 29 provides the possibility for the European Commission to create a financial incentive. The concerns arise because the Regulation...