Braess and others have shown that creating a new link in a congested network, or adding capacity to an existing link, can raise total travel costs if drivers switch routes. We show that a paradox can also result when routes are fixed but users choose when to travel. As is true of the Braess...

We investigate the effect of information about congestion on participation and time-of-use decisions in a free-access delay system subject to predictable and unpredictable fluctuations in capacity and demand intensity. Expected welfare is greater with perfect than with zero information, while...

In major cities parking costs typically exceed automobile running costs, while the time to find a parking spot and walk to work can be comparable to driving time. Yet models of urban commuting have ignored parking completely. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of parking on...