The nature, antecedents, and consequences of consumer animosity during the 1997 Asian economic crisis are investigated, based on a large-scale survey of 2000 adult consumers representative of five affected nations (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, and Thailand). An animosity model...

Four types of animosity, the emotional antagonism felt towards a specific entity, were identified as a function of their sources (situational versus stable) and locus (personal versus national) of manifestation. A five-country survey was conducted in Asia to validate the typology, using the U.S....