Anti-poverty programmes often seek to improve their impact by targeting households for assistance according to welfare measures in a single time period. However, a growing literature shows the importance to poor households of fluctuations in their welfare from month to month and year to year....

Since the early 1990s, the Zambian government has undertaken major economic reforms. A sharp stabilisation early in the decade was followed by reforms in agricultural marketing, a large privatisation programme, sweeping trade policy reforms and reforms to the public sector. This paper uses...

Anti-poverty programs often seek to improve their impact by targeting households for assistance according to one or more criteria. Since such targeting criteria are often based upon measurements of welfare in a single time period, they tend to be chosen to provide an indication of the long-run...