Japanese buyer-supplier relationships, or Keiretsu systems, are recognized as being a major factor contributing to the competitive advantage of Japanese companies. Academics have been interested in these close relationships and some Western companies have introduced these systems. Against the...

This paper develops the tests a standard-based control system model which consists of three interrelated controls-participative standard setting, standard-based incentives, and standard tightness-as well as selected antecedents (task variety, task analyzability, information asymmetry) and...