The tradition of gravity models is in the analysis of trade flows with market size and geographic or economic distance as core variables. Both these variables can be important determinants of FDI, too. However, when such models are used to explain FDI, there can be differences in the mode of...

In this paper, we investigate internationalization strategies of German manufacturing firms in the European Union. We give reasons for the hypothesis that traditional market strategies had been replaced by border-crossing production networking based on the comparative advantage of host countries...

The telecommunications sector is a powerfully growing market which is expected to play a key role in the EC of the future. This article offers a survey of the liberalization measures envisaged in this formerly heavily protected sector followed by an analysis of their economic effects on both EC...