This study tested the hypothesis that partisanship influences judgments of fairness and trustworthiness in the mediation of social conflict. Subjects evaluated third party proposals for resolving the conflict in Jerusalem. A2×2×4 factorial design examined (1) partisanship of the subject,...

This article reviews the history of performance management (PM), beginning with performance evaluation. We discuss various strategies that have been used to enable accurate ratings as well as cognitive processes and contextual factors that have been shown to significantly impact ratings. We...

The body of literature surrounding emotional labor, defined as service employees’ effort to manage their emotions to meet organizational goals (Hochschild, 1983; Morris & Feldman, 1996), exhibits a severe lack of studies examining intercultural service encounters (i.e., service episodes in which a...

Several item response models have been proposedfor fitting Likert-type data. Thissen & Steinberg (1986)classified most of these models into difference modelsand divide-by-total models. Although they have differentmathematical forms, divide-by-total and differencemodels with the same number of...

This study examined how well current softwareimplementations of four polytomous item responsetheory models fit several multiple-choice tests. Themodels were Bock’s (1972) nominal model,Samejima’s (1979) multiple-choice Model C, Thissen& Steinberg’s (1984) multiple-choice model,...