States and societies are globally interconnected and interdependent. External effects of national policies challenge democratic self-determination in other states. An increasing density of relations among people worldwide through communication, migration, traveling as well as through global...

Investment arbitration against Central and Central‐Eastern EU Member States is on the rise. A significant number of these claims are brought by EU investors despite the fact that the European Commission has opined that international arbitral tribunals established under these intra‐EU BITs...