The underrepresentation of minority teachers and male teachers remains an issue in U.S. elementary education, and there is evidence that racial interactions partly shape student performance. However, there is little work on discrimination within the classroom. Do teachers give better grades to...

We put forward a new experimental economics design with monetary incentives to estimate students’ perceptions of grading discrimination. We use this design in a large field experiment which involved 1,200 British students in grade 8 classrooms across 29 schools. In this design, students are...