analyses the feeble state capacity of Qing China questioning the so-called “High Qing” (shèng qīng 盛清) era’s economic … compare Mediterranean and South China markets to provide new insights into both modern eras’ rising trade networks, non …-official institutions and interventionist impulses of autocratic states such as China’s Qing and Spain’s Bourbon empires. …

private sector in urban China. We show that a reform that untied access to housing in urban areas from working for the state …