This occasional paper explains why the bank lending survey was developed by the ECB and describes its main features. It discusses the importance of credit developments for both the economy and the functioning of monetary policy, and further clarifies why the survey was introduced. Furthermore,...

For central banks, the monitoring of financing conditions plays a pivotal role in assessing the actual transmission of monetary policy impulses to borrowers. This paper presents in detail some of the indicators and data used by the ECB to assess financing conditions in the euro area. It also...

- Data from 135 countries covering five decades suggests that creditless recoveries, in which the stock of real credit does not return to the pre-crisis level for three years after the GDP trough, are not rare and are characterised by remarkable real GDP growth rates: 4.7 percent per year in...

At issue in the debate over the renewal of the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) of 1977 are the various yardsticks regulators use to judge whether individual institutions are meeting the credit and service needs of low- and moderate-income (LMI) communities. Based on careful examination of new...

The rise of a crisis-prone banking sector and its political power has received significant attention following the most recent financial crisis. The crisis sparked a growing interest in understanding how and why we have created a world of large, unstable banks. Excessive banking activity arose...

This report presents a long-term view of the evolution of financing of EU non-financial corporations (NFCs) in recent decades. It finds a decline in NFC leverage since at least 2008, and across countries, size categories and industries. It also documents a growing role of non-bank financial...

Der Grundsatz "Lernen erzeugt Lernen" gilt nach neuen Erkenntnissen nicht nur für frühkindliche Bildung, sondern auch für die Dauer des Schulbesuchs. - Eine aktive Teilnahme an Weiterbildungen begünstigt berufliches Vorankommen und reduziert das Risiko eines Jobverlusts. Erstmals zeigt eine...

[Vorbemerkung] Der nordrhein‐westfälische Landtag hat eine Enquete‐Kommission gebildet, die sich unter der Überschrift „Zukunft von Handwerk und Mittelstand in NRW“ mit den Chancen und Risiken der Digitalisierung für das Handwerk befasst. Durch die vertiefte Beschäftigung mit dem...