the degree of fractionalization and polarization across ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups in the national … contributed significantly to the frequency, incidence, and onset of both overall and ethnic civil conflict over the last half …-century, accounting for a large set of geographical and institutional correlates of conflict, as well as measures of economic development …

democratization, international openness, and conflict. It also reviews studies of political integration and disintegration that focus … discusses recent empirical studies that shed light on the relations among heterogeneity, conflict, and borders. This line of …

This paper studies the joint effect of fractionalization and inequality on the size of government. Within a political … fractionalization and group antagonism reduce the support for redistribution. Whereas within group inequality increases support for …

, generalized ethnic fractionalization, and the alignment of spatial and ethnic distances. We use maps of traditional ethnic …

Partisan conflict and policy uncertainty are frequently invoked as factors contributing to slow post-crisis recoveries … strongly after financial crises as government majorities shrink and polarization rises. After a crisis, voters seem to be …

linguistic polarization has a negative impact on local spending. Instrumental variable estimates using distance to the eastern …

polarization of the electorate into changes in the distribution of voter ideal positions and consequences of elite polarization …