and redistribution in the study are ethnic and religious polarization and fractionalization measures. Findings – It is … found that inequality is positively associated with polarization and has an inverse-U relationship with fractionalization …

, partly in response to policies. Our results suggest that more segregated countries in terms of ethnicity and language, i …

We investigate the impact of the political representation of minority groups on the incidence of ethnic conflict in …-random variation in legislator religion generated by the results of close elections. We find that the presence of Muslim legislators … results in a large and significant decline in Hindu-Muslim conflict. The average result is driven by richer states and those …