relates average unemployment to average wage inflation; the curve is virtually vertical for high inflation rates but becomes …, at low inflation. Fourth, when inflation decreases, volatility of unemployment increases whereas the volatility of … inflation decreases: this implies a long-run trade-off also between the volatility of unemployment and that of wage inflation. …

-market slack is captured by the level of shortterm unemployment. This equation explains inflation behavior since 2000, including … the failure of high total unemployment since 2008 to reduce inflation greatly. The fit of our equation is especially good … general Phillips curve in which core inflation depends on short-term unemployment and on expected inflation as measured by the …

inflation since 2010 have led to a reevaluation of Brazil’s long-term potential growth rate. Growth accounting suggests that … dividend of a rapidly expanding labor force is fading and further structural declines in unemployment are likely to be limited …

, unemployment rate by regions, consumer price inflation and CPI weights, industrial producer prices, wages, pensions and per capita … by sector, industrial employment by sector, indicators of hidden unemployment, selected labor market indicators …

inflation and structural reforms aimed at stimulating growth and employment creation. Consistent with IMF recommendations, in …

the analysis, and demonstrates how to decompose the output gap into contributions of observed data on output, inflation …, unemployment, and other variables. A simple bar-chart of contributing factors, in the case of multi-variable methods, sharpens the …