Careful examination of the evidence relating to decision framing revealed a regularity not previously noted. A theory of outcome framing consistent with this finding is developed. An implication of the theory is that the formulation effect will be eroded under the types of experience available...

Tests comprising item bundles, (i.e., groups of items related to common passages, paragraph, or graphs), have been treated as if they measure only a general trait, ignoring the within bundle dependencies. The consequences of not taking into account the specificity of each group of items are, in...

Guttman (1947) developed a scaling method in which the items measuring an attribute can be ordered according to the strength of the attribute. The Guttman scaling model assumes that every member of the population belongs to a scale type and does not allow for response errors. The Proctor (1970)...

Response time has been regarded as an important source for investigating the relationship between human performance and response speed. It is important to examine the relationship between response time and item characteristics, especially in the perspective of the relationship between response...

For the past forty years, alternative methods and techniques have been researched and developed in light of reducing the burgeoning knowledge and memory requirements of individual workers. One such method is reliance on print-based job aids designed to reduce the amount of complex information...