, targets can bluff in order to deter coercion attempts. I find that while sanctions are a weakly dominant tool of influence … committing to a certain course of action for the entire duration of interaction. Moreover, using rewards and sanctions in …

for Russia and Ukraine, all post-Soviet countries are affected, as Western sanctions against Russia significantly limit … trading partners and a neighboring country, and there are serious concerns that these sanctions could have a negative impact … thematic analysis method to examine the social impact of sanctions at three levels: people living abroad (migrants or expats …

We empirically analyze the effect of UN and US economic sanctions on life expectancy and its gender gap in target … matching approach to account for the endogeneity of sanctions. Our results indicate that an average episode of UN sanctions … sanctions is significantly smaller. In addition, we find evidence that women are affected more severely by the imposition of …

some associations to establish disciplinary committees and to provide real sanctions of unethical professional behavior …