European states highly differ and reflect in some way the functioning of the welfare states. Taking public service obligation … as a starting point does not automatically imply to regard SSGI production and finance a solely public affair. Rather …, this is mostly done in some way of public-private governance and investment arrangements, depending on the concrete SSGI …

missing refugee per year, on average) and costs public coffers at all levels of government over $2.0 billion per year ($6 …,844 per missing refugee per year, on average) net of public expenses. Large reductions in the presence of asylum seekers …

location also benefit from a public good that enhances their productivity. The model predicts that in the competitive … positive effect of public goods in urban production. …

actions is perfect (perfect monitoring), noisy but public (public monitoring), and noisy and private (private monitoring). We … treatments. Specifically, we observe that the strategies are more complex under public and private monitoring than under perfect … forgiving than under public monitoring. …