Introduction -- Which horizontal agreements are illegal? -- What unilateral conduct is illegal? -- Vertical agreements that restrict dealing with rivals -- Distorting downstream distribution of a supplier's products -- Proving an agreement or concerted action -- Mergers and acquisitions --...

The Digital Markets Act (“DMA”) will soon become part of EU law. Clearly, the DMA will not apply in a vacuum; instead, it is meant to complement national and EU rules that establish obligations for gatekeeper platforms. The text of the DMA states that the Regulation will apply “without...

Ever since the creation of the General Court (“GC”), the effectiveness of judicial review in European Union (“EU”) competition cases has sparked intense scholarly debates. This paper seeks to further contribute to this discussion in three ways. First, it devotes some space to...

In this paper we analyse institutional issues of common interest to the National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) and the European Agencies (EAs) created under the impulsion of EC law. Both sets of bodies are examined through the lenses of three institutional regulatory parameters, i.e. (i) the...