This study investigated the cost competitiveness, using total cost of ownership (TCO) analysis, of hydrogen fuel cell … become competitive with BEVs under specific conditions favouring hydrogen, including the application of purchase grants and a … reduced hydrogen price. By 2050, a number of FCEVs running on several hydrogen scenarios show a TCO lower than ICEVs and BEVs …

of the hydrogen fuel cell cars on a supply chain including government, supplier, manufacturer, agency, and customers. The … manufacturer produces the hydrogen fuel cell cars and sells them to customers via his agency. The monopolistic supplier procures … the hydrogen fuel for customers. The manufacturer aims to improve the energy efficiency rate of his products by reducing …