We demonstrate that there are links between international trade and environmental control, heretofore unappreciated, which might substantially alter the efficacy of various governmental policies to control pollution. One concern about national environmental policies is that, whereas the benefits...

There have been increasing calls in recent years in the United States and other major industrialized countries for actions designed to harmonize domestic policies, institutions, and practices especially with regard to trade-related environmental and labor standards. As pointed out by Anderson...

This paper provides an international economic lawyer's perspective of the issues economists need to consider in analysing the trade environment interface. Despite their historical polarity, proponents of both trade and environmental regulation principally seek to reduce negative externalities...

The present expansion of environmental standards and regulations in industrialised countries can have significant impacts on the market access of developing countries. The fear in many developing countries is that stricter product standards in the markets of developed countries will act as trade...

Recent literature has explored both physical and policy linkage between trade and environment. Here we explore linkage through leverage in bargaining, whereby developed countries can use trade policy threats to achieve improved developing country environmental management, while developing...

We employ a common agency model to examine how green lobbies affect the determination of trade and environmental policy in two large countries that are linked through trade flows and transboundary pollution. We show that, when governments are not restricted in their ability to use trade...

Biokraftstoffe werden weltweit in immer mehr Ländern von der Politik gezielt gefördert. Dies geschieht aus agrar-, energie- und klimapolitischen Gründen. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die derzeitigen und zukünftigen Märkte für Biokraftstoffe und die Förderprogramme in einzelnen Ländern....

Biofuels are promoted by politics in more and more countries worldwide. This is being justified by positive effects on the climate, energy, and agricultural policy. The paper describes the current and future markets for biofuels and the existing biofuel programs in single countries. It analyzes...