The last decade witnessed an unprecedented economic growth in Emerging Market Economies (EMEs). EMEs have also been the main drivers of growth in the recovery following the global financial crisis. Nevertheless, EMEs continue to face a number of institutional and structural challenges that may...

A major factor behind this crisis is financialization of the system, with a growing disconnect between the monetary and the real sector. Some proponents of the Islamic finance claim such financial crisis would have been avoided, if asset-backed Islamic finance were adopted. However, while...

Studying the modern economic histories of the ten largest countries in South America and Mexico teaches us the lack of fiscal discipline has been at the root of most of the region's macroeconomic instability. The lack of fiscal discipline, however, takes various forms not measured in the primary...

Should a developing economy, such as India, have a macroeconomic policy framework that is identical to an advanced capitalist country? The answer is a “No”, because the developing economies have external constraints, that the more developed countries do not. They also, often, need to achieve...

I consider whether a rules-based fiat money system can outperform the gold standard in delivering economic stability. I discuss the potential objectives of monetary policy in Section 1 and the means for achieving the objective in Section 2. I turn to questions of political economy in Section 3....

This paper surveys the decline in real interest rates in advanced and emerging economies over the past several decades, linking that process to a range of global factors that have operated with different force in different periods. The paper argues that estimates of long-run equilibrium real...