Die Ungleichheit der verfügbaren Einkommen in Deutschland ist nach dem Höhepunkt im Jahr 2005 leicht zurückgegangen. Diese Tendenz hat sich jedoch zuletzt - im Jahr 2011 - nicht weiter fortgesetzt. Maßgeblich dafür war die wieder gestiegene Ungleichheit der Markteinkommen und hier unter...

The aim of this paper is to study the mechanisms behind poverty persistence in Spain. We examine the importance of past poverty experiences for explaining current poverty as opposed to observed and unobserved individual heterogeneity. Our results are based on the model proposed by Cappellari and...

Despite the formal rigour that attends social and economic measurement, the substantive meaning of particular measures could be compromised in the absence of a clear and coherent conceptualization of the phenomenon being measured. A case in point is afforded by the status of a "focus-axiom" in...

In developing countries, women’s empowerment is a major concern. Several efforts were made to tackle this issue as the aims of poverty reduction and development cannot be achieved without giving attention to women’s empowerment. Over the past decades, microfinance institutions (MFIs) have...