US defence policy is characterised by contradictions that are on display once again in the Trump administration’s latest strategy documents. The reasons for this go far beyond the president’s erratic behaviour. At the core lies the unanswered question of how the United States should deal...

This paper examines the trade dimensions of the policy instruments employed by the United States to secure critical minerals supply chains. Drawing on policy statements, executive orders, tariff schedules, and six bilateral critical minerals agreements announced in 2025, it assesses how US trade...

In the current trade war between the United States and China, CFIUS's analysis of the risks of foreign investments to US national security has increased. The purpose of the article is to verify that access to data for the purposes of this risk analysis is difficult or impossible, and therefore...

The rapidly deteriorating global security environment has pushed EU institutions and Member States to call for further consolidation of the European defence industrial base, with the European Commission taking a proactive stance in promoting a stronger, more integrated, and competitive defence...

This paper investigates the political economy of veto overrides, with a focus on the 2016 override of President Obama's veto of the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA). The Act, which allows victims of the 9/11 attacks to pursue legal action against foreign governments involved in...

The design of an operationally and militarily prepared Bundeswehr of the future requires the consideration of multiple facets. Its operation requires reliable access to economic resources (labour, capital, land) and their efficient management. This completely addresses the contradiction between...

Geoeconomic pressure - the use of existing economic relationships by governments to achieve geopolitical or economic ends - has become a prominent feature of global power dynamics. This paper introduces a methodology using large language models (LLMs) to systematically extract signals of...

This Perspective outlines the avenues, and potential obstacles, that may be encountered when a foreign investor challenges a state's invocation of national security interests in an international arbitration setting. This Perspective additionally considers the implications that increasingly...

We provide a selective overview of the literature on the linkages between interstate conflict and international trade, paying special attention to how trade openness (i) affects arming incentives, (ii) the channels through which its effects travel, and (iii) its consequences for the emergence of...

This brief argues that Japan's quantum strategy is an example of the persistence and adaptation of the developmental state model in an 2 Robert Schuman Centre, September 2025 era of securitised technology policy. Just as in the 1970s the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)...

When considering the benefits of a strong United States military, it is natural to think of the military's crucial role in protecting Americans from foreign adversaries and providing security and stability around the world. But safeguarding America's interests at home and abroad offers the...

This study investigates the transnational drivers of terrorism mortality through the lens of global governance, focusing on countries most affected by terrorism during the study period (1995-2023), identified dynamically using Global Terrorism Index rankings across multiple years rather than a...

The pursuit of strategic autonomy has been a key driver in shaping Türkiye's defense policy, with a focus on reducing dependence on others through the advancement of its domestic military capabilities. While benefiting from NATO membership and access to global technologies, Türkiye has...

Amidst the constraints of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals (dual carbon) and high import dependence, safeguarding China's petroleum security faces intensified challenges. This study constructs a dynamic weight evaluation framework integrating four dimensions: "Availability",...

Canada's economic and national security depends on how the country manages its intellectual assets and intellectual property (IP). Looking at the concepts of economic warfare and economic security through an IP lens, this paper examines how attacks against IP can exploit fragmented policy...

Following decades of US government-led initiatives to open data and to encourage data flows, it came as a shock to many US trade partners when the Biden administration announced in October 2023 that it would withdraw its support for proposals to encourage cross-border free flow of data being...

Lithuania's immediate fiscal challenges are national security and higher costs of borrowing, but fiscal prospects are further exacerbated by long-term pressures stemming from climate change and a shrinking and aging population. The country has experienced a rapidly decreasing population-from 3.7...

This study investigates the role of economic sanctions within contemporary national security strategies, focusing on their impact, motivations, and implications for sender states. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the research combines qualitative and quantitative methodologies to...

Europe's Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector, including ICT manufacturing such as telecom equipment and electronic components, as well as ICT services such as software, telecommunication services, and data processing, is no longer merely an economic pillar but a strategic asset...

Openness to foreign investments is associated with risks. To mitigate these risks, many high-income countries have strengthened the control of foreign investments over the last decade in an increasing number of sectors considered critical. Investment screening distorts the market for...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to try to reach the main factors that could put national security at risk as a result of government cloud computing programs. Design/methodology/approach The paper adopts the analytical approach to first lay foundations of the relation between national...

Managing military operations across and between teams of partner nations remains a first-order challenge to security and development during conflict. NATO, under the umbrella of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), brought together troops from 28 countries to help enhance security...

A Theory of Auditability for Allocation Mechanisms Managing military operations across and between teams of partner nations remains a first-order challenge to security and development during conflict. NATO, under the umbrella of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), brought...

Openness to foreign investments is associated with national security risks. To mitigate these risks, many high-income countries have strengthened the control of foreign investments in an increasing number of sectors considered security-sensitive. However, this policy may deter foreign...

The United States sees the rise of authoritarian China as the primary risk to its national security and the global order. US foreign policy views the economy across party lines as being part of "national security" - especially vis-à-vis China. In its competition with China, the United States is...

The purpose of this article is to present a contemporary methodological approach to developing an effective strategy for implementing state financial assistance in the use of alternative energy technologies for critical infrastructure enterprises. The object of the study is critical...

This book offers a timely and insightful exploration of security exceptions in international trade and investment law, focusing on the growing tension between national security measures and global economic stability. Through in-depth analysis and case studies of major global players, it uncovers...