During the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries eased the burden of borrowers through loan forbearance. Using a representative sample of the Hungarian adult population, we investigate if time discounting and locus of control predict who takes up loan forbearance. We find convincing evidence that...

I study whether saving behavior reveals socially relevant intertemporal preferences. To this end, I decompose the present generation’s preference for the next into its dynastic and cross-dynastic components in a model of saving. If people are concerned about the next generation as such, then...

Investor sentiment is believed to play an increasingly significant role in business and economic activities. By analyzing data collected from a sample of listed nonfinancial firms in Pakistan for the period 2009-2018, we quantify investor behavior and how it affects market returns, cash flows,...

We consider a neoclassical growth model with quasi-hyperbolic discounting under Kantian optimization: each temporal self acts in a way that they would like every future self to act. We introduce the notion of a Kantian policy as an outcome of Kantian optimization in a given class of policies. We...

In this paper we outline how to value private companies and work through a real case study. The corporate finance and valuation techniques on display can be used to value any private company or project that is illiquid with little or no market data. Together with this paper we provide the full...

The consensus view amongst economists is that carbon prices, in order to be effcient, must be the same across the globe. But when there are inefficiencies in the allocation of capital so that consumers in different countries face different discount rates, we show that efficient carbon prices...

We develop a volatility decomposition derived from flexible local projections to quantify the relative contributions of expected discount rates and cash flows to the variation of dividend yields. Local projections enable the incorporation of large information sets, the use of monthly data along...

Dynamic contracts allow principal to relax future incentive constraints by backloading-- agent posts a bond which is liquidated over time. This is costless with equal access to capital, captured by equal discount rates. Here unequal discounting is introduced in a canonical screening problem...

Time variation in the discount rate affects investment and employment decisions in a manner consistent with Q-theory predictions. This evidence is uncovered when using cyclical consumption as proxy for the discount rate. The results, which are consistent across both U.S. and international data,...

As many countries consider the privatization of existing pay-as-you-go Social Security systems, the option to make participation in the new system voluntary may appeal to policy makers who need to obtain the political support of their workers. A critical issue in evaluating such a reform and its...

This article studies the implications for the theory of deterrence of (a) the manner in" which individuals' disutility from imprisonment varies with the length of the imprisonment" term; and (b) discounting of the future disutility and future public costs of imprisonment. Two" questions are...

This paper estimates a New Keynesian model with new and old behavioral elements. Agents in the model exhibit cognitive discounting, or myopia: they discount variables far into the future at higher rates than typically implied in the benchmark model. We investigate the model under different...

The preference to receive benefits as early as possible and delay costs as much as possible is natural for people. That means a positive discount rate in the intertemporal choice, which is a common assumption in economics. However, as research in behavioral economics proves, in certain...

Purpose - The main purpose of this paper is to determine the discount function which better fits the individuals' preferences through the empirical analysis of the different functions used in the field of intertemporal choice. Design/methodology/approach - After an in-depth revision of the...

Ljungqvist and Sargent (2017) (LS) show that unemployment fluctuations can be understood in terms of a quantity they call the "fundamental surplus." However, their analysis ignores risk premia, a force that Hall (2017) shows is important in understanding unemployment fluctuations. We show how...

The consensus view amongst economists is that carbon prices, in order to be effcient, must be the same across the globe. But when there are inefficiencies in the allocation of capital so that consumers in different countries face different discount rates, we show that efficient carbon prices...

Quasi-hyperbolic discounting is one of the most well-known and widely-used models to capture self-control problems in the economics literature. The underlying assumption of this model is that agents have a "present bias" toward current consumption such that all future rewards are downweighed...

We developed a model-free Bayesian extraction procedure for the stochastic discount factor under a yield curve prior. Previous methods in the literature directly or indirectly use some particular parametric asset-pricing models such as with long-run risks or habits as the prior. Here, in...

Because of risk aversion, any sensible investment valuation system should value less Projects that contribute more to the aggregate risk, i.e., that have a larger income elasticity of net benefits. In theory, this is done by adjusting discount rates to consumption betas. But in reality, for...

In the present paper, we investigate the Merton portfolio management problem in the context of non-exponential discounting, a context that gives rise to time-inconsistency of the decision-maker. We consider equilibrium policies within the class of open-loop controls that are characterized, in...

This article examines revealed rates of time preference for public goods, using environmental quality as the case study. A nationally representative panel-based sample of 2,914 respondents considered a series of 5 conjoint policy choices, yielding 14,570 decisions. Both the conditional fixed...

The COVID-19 pandemic which began at the end of 2019, it turned out to be very influential in the significant decline in share prices. It can be seen from the Composite Stock Price Index (IHSG) until mid-March 2020, which has fallen by 37% and the average share price of 669 issuers has decreased...

In dynamic resource allocation models, the non-existence of voting equilibria is a generic phenomenon due to the multi-dimensionality of the choice space even if agents are heterogeneous only in their discount factors. Nevertheless, at each point in time there may exist a «median voter» whose...

Firms obtain noisy estimates of investors' required rates of return (discount rates) using market-based information. Discounted-cash-flow (DCF) methods, as commonly taught in MBA courses, lead to upward-biased estimates of project values in the presence of such noise, even when cash flow and...

This paper estimates a New Keynesian model with new and old behavioral elements. Agents in the model exhibit cognitive discounting, or myopia: they discount variables far into the future at higher rates than typically implied in the benchmark model. We investigate the model under different...

This note shows that the Generalized Expected Discounted Utility (GEDU) model is not dynamically consistent and does not allow for a complete separation of the parameters characterizing risk aversion and the elasticity of intertemporal substitution (EIS). Therefore, the model is not convenient...

Fundamental theory of asset pricing states that current price of an asset equals expected value of multiplication between stochastic discount factor and future cash flows of the asset in a discrete period. If we assume that such theory holds, 1) discount factor and cash flow of an asset are...

This paper proposes a model that sheds light on the appropriate discount rate on projects that mitigate climate change. In addition, it helps determine the best time to start implementing climate policy. The model is production-based and features endogenous climate-related disasters. It suggests...

I propose and test a unifying hypothesis to explain both cross-sectional return anomalies and subjective return expectation errors: some investors ignore discount rate dynamics when forming return expectations. Consistent with the hypothesis: (1) stocks' expected cash flow growth and...

In the electronic commerce market, the minimum order quantity or the minimum order value constraints are present.A minimum quantity of the commodity bundle or the minimum purchase value are to be ordered to get the commodity with or without discounts offers that is selected to buy.This acts as a...

In this paper, we estimate a rich model of college major choice using a panel of experimentally-derived data. Our estimation strategy combines two types of data: data on self-reported beliefs about future earnings from potential human capital decisions and survey-based measures of risk and time...

The tractable general equilibrium model developed by Golosov et al. (2014), GHKT for short, is modified to allow for additional negative impacts of global warming on utility and productivity growth, mean reversion in the ratio of climate damages to production, labour-augmenting technical...

We build an asset-pricing model with dynamic strategic competition to explain the strong joint fluctuations in aggregate discount rates, competition intensity, profitability, and asset prices. Product market competition endogenously intensifies as discount rates rise, because firms compete more...

The traditional decision-analytic approach to incorporate risk aversion into project evaluation is to calculate the expected utility of initial capital plus net present value. The choice of discount rate, and the convergence with the traditional finance approach, have always been a question. Our...

This paper studies long discount rates in a dynamic asset pricing model with a production side with multiple technologies. It introduces an R&D decision that endogenizes technological change while reproducing key features of the long-run risk literature. A pricing formula for capital strips is...

We analyze the valuation-tax avoidance relation and find there is, in fact, a market value discount for tax avoidance. We identify several channels for the adverse valuation effects of tax avoidance. Tax-avoiding firms that i) lack foreign income, ii) are financially constrained, and iii) incur...

Relative bitcoin prices, across locations and currencies, are persistent over time, with the location component accounting for more than 50 percent of the variability. Their distribution is leptokurtic, with negative skewness for fiat pairs, and a standard deviation of 4.5%. Counter- party...

Derivative pricing is about cash flow discounting at the riskfree rate. This teaching has lost its meaning post the financial crisis, due to the addition of extra value adjustments (XVA), which also made derivatives pricing and valuation a very difficult task for investors. This article recovers...

Why do stock prices vary? Using survey forecasts, we find that cash flow growth expectations explain most movements in the S&P 500 price-dividend and price-earnings ratios, accounting for at least 93% and 63% of their variation. These expectations comove strongly with price ratios, even when...

This research project evaluates the extent of heterogeneity in time discounting among elderly Americans, as well as its role in explaining older peoples' key behaviors. We first show how older Americans evaluate simple (hypothetical) intertemporal choices in which payments now are compared with...

Basic volatility and predictability characteristics of the aggregate US stock market over the last century can be understood in terms of the dynamic properties of mean reverting equity discount rates. Additionally, high prices in good times and low prices in bad times can be understood in terms...