Most households in rural Africa are involved in smallholder farming, but off-farm employment is an important additional income source for many. Previous research has analyzed links between off-farm employment and wellbeing, but mostly at the household level, not considering that household...

This paper examines rural non-farm employment in Rajasthan, India, using multiple surveys and administrative data. The analysis covers three key aspects: individual and district-level determinants of participation in non-farm activities, the relationship between non-farm employment and household...

We analyze the relationship between household electricity access and off-farm employment of women and men in rural Africa, using primary survey data from Kenya, Namibia, Tanzania, and Zambia. Estimating regression models, we find that access to electricity is positively associated with women's...

Livelihood sources in rural Africa are diverse and dynamic. Using recent primary data from four African countries - Kenya, Namibia, Tanzania, and Zambia - we consider regions with different conditions related to climate, agroecology, infrastructure, and nature conservation to analyze the role of...

Income diversification is an essential livelihood strategy among small-scale farmers in low-income countries. Through income diversification, farmers can potentially invest off-farm earnings into their farm business to enhance productivity and income from farming. Conversely, working off-farm...

Diversifying rural livelihoods plays a significant role for rain feed-dependent economy of the rural households like in Ethiopia. Hence the objective of the study was to investigate the determinants of rural households' livelihood diversification strategies choice in north wollo zone of...

About two-thirds of U.S. farm households are employed off the farm. Off-farm sources represent 85 percent of the income earned by the average farm household and have turned into their main source of health insurance coverage. Farmers receive various government farm program payments, including...

This study investigates the determinants of smallholders' participation in rural off-farm activities, which includes rural non-farm own business and wage employment, and its effect on food shortage, relative deprivation and dietary diversity. To address these objectives, we use a three-wave...

About two-thirds of U.S. farm households are employed off the farm. Off-farm sources represent 85 percent of the income earned by the average farm household and have turned into their main source of health insurance coverage. Farmers receive various government farm program payments, including...

Small farms in the US have significant challenges in financial management. This study examines how small farmers undertake farm financial management to meet their agricultural and farm-related spending and expenses. Using primary survey data from Tennessee, the study investigates the factors...

We examine the relationship between participation in non-agricultural labor activities and farming production decisions, focusing on the use of inputs. In particular, we are interested in the hypothesis that income from non-agricultural labor relaxes credit constraints. Using longitudinal data...

Although off-farm work plays a significant role in facilitating agricultural production and rural development and improving household welfare, little is known about whether off-farm work can promote fruit and vegetable consumption in rural areas of developing countries. This paper sheds new...

Following the theory of a farm household model, the relations between farm and farmer characteristics, including two different kinds of direct payments, and their effects on the off-farm labour allocation decisions of farm operators were analysed. Swiss farm accountancy data network (FADN) data...

Dramatic land-use change in tropical regions due to oil palm expansion has recently raised controversies in the broader public. Indonesia is one of the countries where such rapid land-use change is happening. In many parts of Indonesia, oil palm is increasingly replacing forests and also more...

We study socioeconomic indicators of female labour force participation in off-farm formal employment in a subsistence agriculture setting in northern Ghana, where a new commercial farm provides a positive demand shock for low-skilled labour. We use a set of quantitative and qualitative data...

In the past decade, the European agricultural sector has undergone rapid structural change. Part of that change is manifested in extended early retirement plans. As pensions play a crucial role in determining the characteristics the change, it is important to establish the factors determining...