This research investigates the intricacies of motivation and job satisfaction among military service members within the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) amidst various challenges. Employing an intrinsic-extrinsic framework, the study adopts a sequential mixed-method design. Interviews were conducted...

This note responds to the comments by Garbellini (2026) on the treatment of demand shocks in the Input-Output model in Stamegna et al. (2024). We show that the increase in arms expenditure is correctly identified as an investment shock, while increases in public expenditure on environmental...

Five years after the bloody military coup and amid a civil war, elections have taken place in Myanmar. They were neither free nor fair, nor was any attempt made to keep up an appearance of even minimum democratic standards. From the outset, the main purpose of the elections was not political...

In response to Russiaʼs full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the European Union (EU) and its allies imposed broad export bans against Russia. Besides exerting economic pressure on the aggressor, a central objective was to cut Russia off from critical technologies needed to produce...

The Pax Americana, which guaranteed the security of Germany and Europe after the Second World War, is coming to an end. Europe can no longer rely on its alliance and partnership with the United States. Even before Donald Trump’s second presidency, Europe was seeking to reduce its dependency on...

The member states of the European Union are once again arguing about money. More specifically, they are arguing about how much they want to spend on defence, where this money should come from and whether they should spend it jointly. That Europe needs to defend itself better is not in dispute in...

Exmilitary strategic leaders, by whether and when they affect corporate social performance (CSP), have not been systematically explored to date. On the basis of imprinting theory, upper echelons theory, and empirical data from Chinese listed firms from 2011 to 2020, we obtain the following...

This paper presents new compelling evidence on the company-level ownership structure of military firms detained by asset managers. Employing a unique firm-level interlinked dataset, connecting publicly listed firms in the aerospace and defense industry, and their corresponding structure of...

Named Entity Recognition (NER) models have been used in various contexts to automate the analysis of textual data, supporting tasks such as text categorization and relationship extraction across entities. While these models are typically trained on large corpora, their efficacy should be...

Deutschland sieht sich mit einer verschärften Bedrohungslage konfrontiert. Infolge des russischen Angriffskriegs auf die Ukraine wurde bereits eine "Zeitenwende" ausgerufen. Die Steigerung der Verteidigungsfähigkeit beinhaltet auch einen deutlichen Personalaufbau bei der Bundeswehr. Die Zahl...

NATO members have been coping with low motivation and morale. Such environments typically have high turnover intentions and neglect behavior. However, safety behavior is paramount for military organizations and neglect behavior can have serious consequences. Social exchanges are often cited as...

The Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) has been undergoing fundamental structural reform aimed at improving operational preparedness and combat capability. The imperative of a military loyal to the Communist Party dominates China's defence policy and permeates the PLA's organisational...

The war in Sudan, which broke out on 15 April 2023 between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), has triggered the largest humanitarian crisis in the world. Civilians are being directly attacked by the warring parties. The violent actors are destroying...

Using a short- and long-term macroeconomic forecasts, we estimate the cost of the Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine for countries in Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia. Shortly after the Russian attack, the projected cost (cumulative over six years) stood at $2.44 trillion for the...

Expanding military personnel and expenditure depends on public support and social legitimacy. Crisis events such as 9/11 and the 2014 annexation of Crimea have influenced public attitudes toward military investment, with support intensifying significantly after Russia's full-scale invasion of...

This paper investigates the expansion of EU military activities, involving the European Commission, other EU-related institutions and Member States. Expenditure on EU military programmes - defence-related R&D, arms production, joint procurement, military mobility, and the supply of lethal...

The design of an operationally and militarily prepared Bundeswehr of the future requires the consideration of multiple facets. Its operation requires reliable access to economic resources (labour, capital, land) and their efficient management. This completely addresses the contradiction between...

Drawing on imprinting theory, this study hypothesizes that military experience negatively influences entrepreneurship by fostering a preference for stability, lower risk tolerance, and limited innovation due to the hierarchical and rule-bound nature of military service. It is further...

This study examines market reactions to the US-Houthi conflict on January 11, 2024, across various markets, regions, and industries within the financial sector, emphasizing the role of military strength in shaping global financial responses. An event study methodology is applied to a sample of...

What determines the effectiveness of military buildups? We introduce the concept of the military multiplier: the percentage increase in military equipment an additional dollar buys. It varies with the costs of allocating resources to military production, depending, among other things, on the...

According to the US government, the Russian government is developing a programme to arm some of its satellites with nuclear warheads. Should the Kremlin acquire this capability, it could destroy key parts of the civilian satellite infrastructure by detonating a single nuclear weapon in low Earth...

Europe must rapidly increase its military spending, but how? We collect 150 years of data to study what governments in similar situations have done. How were past military buildups financed? What was the relative importance of debt financing, budget cuts, and taxes? Our main finding is that...

This paper examines the growth of military production in Russia since the onset of the war against Ukraine in February 2022. Utilizing official data from Rosstat, the study explores how military production is classified within Russian industrial output statistics. The analysis reveals...

The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 led to unprecedented sanctions aimed at denying Russia access to critical technologies essential for sustaining its war efforts. This paper examines whether trade sanctions targeting military goods were undermined by evasion, specifically through...

The article examines the evolution of the current technological paradigm, based on digital technologies, considering the interaction between civilian and military trajectories, with a focus on the US case. Building on an original political economy framework, the activities of corporations and...

When considering the benefits of a strong United States military, it is natural to think of the military's crucial role in protecting Americans from foreign adversaries and providing security and stability around the world. But safeguarding America's interests at home and abroad offers the...

Today's armed forces are highly dependent on software. Software products are built by complex networks of software components, software vendors, service providers, and other companies that, together, form the software supply chain. In "conventional" cybersecurity incidents, threat actors usually...