For income distributions divided into middle, lower, and higher regions based on scalar median cut-offs, this paper establishes the asymptotic distribution properties-including explicit empirically applicable variance formulas and hence standard errors-of sample estimates of the proportion of...

The Pareto distribution has been widely used to model income distribution and inequality. The tail index and the Gini index are typically computed by iteration using Maximum Likelihood and are usually interpreted in terms of the Lorenz curve. We derive an alternative method by considering a...

Analyses of income distributions across households crucially depend on equivalence scales. They define income increments necessary to keep a household's living standard constant as it is joined by additional adults or children. Such scales have frequently been estimated using income satisfaction...

The study examines the influence of the quality of governance on multidimensional inequality in 63 Vietnamese provinces through the Viet Nam Provincial Governance and Public Administration Performance Index (PAPI) and the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey (VHLSS) over 5 years (2012, 2014,...

Ibragimov, Kattuman, and Skrobotov (Econometric Reviews, 2025) propose a "t-statistic" approach to inference for inequality indices building on results provided by Ibragimov and Müller (Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 2010), and they and Midões and de Crombrugghe (Journal of...

Because finite sample inference for inequality indices based on asymptotic methods or the standard bootstrap does not perform well, Davidson and Flachaire (Journal of Econometrics, 2007) and Cowell and Flachaire (Journal of Econometrics, 2007) proposed inference based on semiparametric methods...

Equivalence scales are central to distributional analysis, adjusting household incomes for size and composition and shaping poverty and inequality measurement. Despite changes in consumption patterns, most applied work continues to rely on the modified OECD scale from the 1990s. We revisit...

Research background: Income inequalities between women and men often constitute an important area of research related to social inequalities. Differences in incomes between genders are frequently analyzed in the context of gender equality, social justice, and economic equity. Disparities in...

The World Bank recently introduced a new key indicator to guide its work: the number of countries with high inequality, defined as a Gini index above 40. The new indicator was introduced as part of the new World Bank vision of ending poverty on a livable planet. This paper reviews why reducing...

This study has made a significant contribution to the literature on energy inequality by utilizing an economic-environmental framework to investigate this phenomenon across different income groups of countries worldwide. The study employed the Theil index to calculate intra-regional and...

We study how measures of socioeconomic health inequality inform about welfare inequality. We argue that transfers of either income or health from a better off to a worse off individual should reduce welfare inequality. Lacking an objective measure of individual welfare, we suggest that such a...

I introduce a simple model which endogenously generates a Pareto distribution in top earnings. Workers inhabit different niches, and the earnings of a worker is determined by the niche-specific supply of labor and a downward-sloping labor demand curve. The highest paid workers are the ones that...

The main challenge in studying inequality is limited data availability, which is particularly problematic in developing countries. This study constructs a measure of light-based geospatial income inequality (LGII) for 234 countries and territories from 1992 to 2013 using satellite data on...

In the socioeconomic development of each country, income rates constitute a measure of the economic situation. They are also the principle factor influencing social stratification. When discussing the income of European households in a regional approach, one may analyze changes, regional...