This article develops and tests a theory of criminal governance, examining how drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) use bribery and violence to dominate resource-rich regions and counter state interventions. The study draws on data on over 500 political assassinations and 156 lethal attacks on...

Elections in fragile democracies are not merely contests over policy but battles for control over state resources, including foreign aid. Aid provides local governments with substantial discretionary funds, creating strong incentives for rent-seeking political actors to capture political office....

We investigate the effect of anti-immigration attitudes on immigration plans to Europe. We propose a new instrument for attitudes toward immigration, namely, the number of country nationals killed in terrorist attacks taking place outside of Europe. Our first-stage results confirm that such...

This study has three main objectives. The first is to analyse the measures taken by Member States to tackle the abuse or misuse of non-profit organisations (NPOs) for terrorist financing (TF) purposes, in particular those taken in response to the recommendations in the European Commission's 2005...

This article analyses the expansion of Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM) across the Sahara-Sahel, using the transplantation framework from criminology to explore how the group relocated. By focussing on this case study, the article offers an examination of how JNIM strategically embedded...

This paper analyses the legal frameworks in Kenya and Uganda, and the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) guidelines to ascertain if they are effective in minimising money laundering activities and keeping the countries off of FATF's grey list. The study implements the Two-Pillar methodology that...

The European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (EU TE-SAT) 2025 is a situational overview, which presents aggregated figures and describes the major developments and trends in the terrorism landscape in the EU in 2024. This situation report is based on both qualitative and quantitative...

We investigate the effect of anti-immigration attitudes on immigration plans to Europe. We propose a new instrument for attitudes toward immigration, namely, the number of country nationals killed in terrorist attacks taking place outside of Europe. Our first-stage results confirm that such...

The EU TE-SAT 2025 provides a situational overview, presenting figures, major developments and trends in the terrorism landscape in the EU in 2024. The report is based on qualitative and quantitative data provided by Member States on terrorist attacks, arrests, convictions, and penalties for...

This report represents the Genocide Prosecution Network's continuous focus on contributing to the legal response to and prosecution of FTFs and female returnees. It builds on its 2020 report which highlighted the importance of prosecuting FTFs, not just for terrorism-related offences but also as...

This report represents the Genocide Prosecution Network's continuous focus on contributing to the legal response to and prosecution of FTFs and female returnees. It builds on its 2020 report which highlighted the importance of prosecuting FTFs, not just for terrorism-related offences but also as...

Drones are among the most recent evolutions in warfare, used to respond to or deter insurgent activity and to serve as substitutes for direct troop engagement. We empirically evaluate the effect of drone and air strikes as a deterrent for terrorist attacks, using Somali and Yemeni data from 2016...

Based on a transnational case study of an informal value transfer system that UK law enforcement authorities were able to detect, this doctrinal and qualitative study explores the regulation, supervision and enforcement of unlicensed/unregistered hawala operators and similar service providers...

This paper seeks to understand the impact of terrorism on taxation in Cabo Delgado Province, Mozambique; its effects on state-building and consolidation; the reasons that led the terrorist group to collect taxes illegally; and finally, the role of the solidarity of the (Muslim) elite in the face...

In the preceding 11 years, Turkey has witnessed 925 terrorist incidents, resulting in the unexpected passing of 1,439 people. Concurrently, the neighbouring nations, Syria, and Iraq, have also experienced a multitude of terrorist activities. This study's main objective is to explore how these...

This study investigates the link between terrorist attacks and public interest in radical Islam and violent extremism, using monthly data from 150 countries between 2004 and 2015. Employing a dynamic common correlated effects (DCCE) estimator to account for potential cross-country correlations,...

The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of terrorism on gender inequality in politics for a panel of 180 countries over the period 2000-2020. Using generalized method of moments in a system, the results obtained reveal that terrorism reduces women's political representation, thereby...

This study investigates the impact of terrorism on financial markets, focusing specifically on Turkey's sovereign Credit Default Swap (CDS) premiums from 2011 to 2017 - period characterized by frequent and diverse terrorist activities. Employing an EGARCH model with dummy variables for various...

Israel's government is rapidly dismantling the separation of powers and expanding its control over the state apparatus. The military response to the attack by Hamas and other armed groups on 7 October 2023 appears to be leading to a permanent reoccupation of the Gaza Strip. The "voluntary"...

A terrorist attack, planned to take place in France on 1 July 2018, was prevented through the actions of the Belgian authorities and their partners in Germany, France and Luxembourg. Based on information from their security services, the law enforcement services initiated an investigation at the...

Given that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of the economy, SME survival and resilience are vital during financial, health, or social crises, such as war or political upheaval. The current study conducted a systematic literature analysis from theoretical perspectives...

The purpose of the report is to provide information on access to nephrology treatment in Vietnam. This information is relevant to the application of international protection status determination (refugee status and subsidiary protection) and migration legislation in EU+ countries.

The purpose of the report is to provide information on access to HIV treatment in Vietnam. This information is relevant to the application of international protection status determination (refugee status and subsidiary protection) and migration legislation in EU+ countries.

The purpose of the report is to provide information on access to pulmonology treatment in Vietnam. This information is relevant to the application of international protection status determination (refugee status and subsidiary protection) and migration legislation in EU+ countries.

The purpose of the report is to provide information on access to psychiatry treatment in Vietnam. This information is relevant to the application of international protection status determination (refugee status and subsidiary protection) and migration legislation in EU+ countries.

A terrorist attack, planned to take place in France on 1 July 2018, was prevented through the actions of the Belgian authorities and their partners in Germany, France and Luxembourg. Based on information from their security services, the law enforcement services initiated an investigation at the...

The thesis is titled "The Transformative effect of cyberspace on terrorism: The case of Islamic terrorism". It analyses the phenomenon of cyberterrorism and whether information and communication technologies (ICTs) affect terrorism. The aim is to identify the impact that these technologies - and...

The European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (EU TE-SAT) 2024 is a situational overview, presenting figures, major developments and trends in the terrorism landscape in the EU in 2023. The report is based on qualitative and quantitative data provided by the Member States on terrorist...

The TE-SAT 2024 is a situational overview, presenting figures, major developments and trends in the terrorism landscape in the EU in 2023, based on qualitative and quantitative data provided by Member States on terrorist attacks, arrests and court decisions issued for terrorist offences....

We develop a sequentially variant Blotto game with one-sided and incomplete information to investigate strategic interactions between a defender and an attacker whose target site values are unknown. The defender first allocates defensive resources before the attacker decides a probability...

This study investigates the case of Iran to evaluate how changes in the intensity of international sanctions affect internal conflict in the target country. Estimating a vector autoregressive model for the period between 2001q2 and 2020q3 with quarterly data on internal conflict and its three...

In a post land reformenvironment, violence and redistribution are substitutes for an opportunistic incumbent attempting industrialization. We setup a theoretical model to explore this relationship for individual and group level violence across two types of policy driven post...

This study investigates the case of Iran to evaluate how changes in the intensity of international sanctions affect internal conflict in the target country. Estimating a vector autoregressive model for the period between 2001q2 and 2020q3 with quarterly data on internal conflict and its three...