Singapore in the History of British North Borneo : an Examination of Singapore as Centre to the Region / Danny Tze Ken Wong -- China, Entrepo??t Trade, and Singapore Chinese Merchants, 1945-65 / Jason Lim -- Trading Hub Beyond Ideologies : Singapore-North Korean Economic Connection and Mission...

We provide causal evidence that immigration has contributed to the polarization of American politics. Using an ancestry-based shift-share instrument, we study immigration flows into U.S. counties between 1992 and 2016. Counties exposed to larger immigrant inflows become more polarized both in...

The European Commission, Italy, and Greece are seeking to curb irregular migration through Libya. These efforts come at a time when several aspects of European Union (EU) migration policy in Libya must be acknowledged as having failed. This is particularly true of attempts to improve conditions...

Migration brings strong economic benefits in the short term and even greater long-term benefits as it contributes to innovation, investment and economic dynamism. The costs of additional migrants are borne by communities that feel pressure on local services, while the benefits are spread more...

This study examines the labor market impacts of Canada's 2014 reforms to the Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP), which introduced stricter limits on hiring low-skilled foreign workers. Using a difference-in-differences framework with Labour Force Survey data from 2005 to 2019, we compare...

This is part II of the Practical Guide on Family Tracing. Before reading this guide, it is recommended that you familiarise yourself with Part I: Principles and practices on family tracing in the EU+ and third countries. Part I explains the concept of family tracing, the guiding principles and...

Migration to the European Union (EU) has increased significantly in recent years, driven by conflict, climate change and geopolitical instability. While global data is limited, available evidence indicates that these crises disproportionately impact women and girls, increasing their exposure to...

We study how low and medium-skilled refugee immigration affects natives’ labor market outcomes. Using individual-level panel data on the German workforce for 2011-2019 and exogenous regional variation from processing authorities’ distances, we find that a larger inflow of refugees to a...

Far-right parties frequently mobilize anti-refugee sentiment during periods of high asylum migration. Prior work shows that exposure to transit routes and regional inflows tends to raise far-right support, whereas direct local contact with asylum seekers can dampen it. Yet much of the sharp rise...

This report builds on previous JRC work on the challenges to measure the effectiveness of returning third-country nationals (TCN) staying irregularly in the European Union (EU) to their countries of origin, particularly in light of renewed EU policy ambitions on return. It aims to fill a key...

This report builds on previous JRC work on the challenges to measure the effectiveness of returning third-country nationals (TCN) staying irregularly in the European Union (EU) to their countries of origin, particularly in light of renewed EU policy ambitions on return. It aims to fill a key...

This paper provides the first causal evaluation of the political impact of asylum seekers in the UK. Although dispersed across areas on a no-choice basis, political bargaining between central and local governments introduces potential endogeneity in their allocation. We address this with a novel...

This paper examines the early implementation of Ethiopia's refugee work rights policy, with a focus on the issuance of permits that enable refugees to engage in economic activities. Building on significant legal and institutional advances under the 2019 Refugee Proclamation and subsequent...

International migration policy for lower-income countries is still guided by assumptions from an earlier era - when less-educated labor was abundant, skilled emigration was seen purely as "brain drain", and development was expected to reduce migration. That world is gone. This paper reviews...

Using various years of data from the National Survey of College Survey we examine the earnings of work visa immigrants who entered the U.S. during the various H-1B cap periods and whether the cap was binding or not at the time of their entry. For work visa entrants in the non-academic sector as...

The Optional Practical Training (OPT) program now provides up to 36 months of employment authorization for foreign students completing college degrees in the U.S. in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields. Econometrics and Quantitative Economics (EQE) was added as a STEM field...

On 5 September 2015, the German government suspended the EU’s Dublin III regulations, allowing all asylum seekers to apply for asylum in Germany. This policy change motivated more than one million people, especially Syrians, Afghans, and Iraqis, to enter the country. This study examines the...

The European Union population is ageing increasingly rapidly, with dependency ratios and shares of the elderly in the total population rising across the continent. While aggregate projected increases in age-related public spending in the EU are manageable, there are substantial differences...

We investigate the effect of anti-immigration attitudes on immigration plans to Europe. We propose a new instrument for attitudes toward immigration, namely, the number of country nationals killed in terrorist attacks taking place outside of Europe. Our first-stage results confirm that such...

I study how access to foreign-born workers impacts firms and local economics in times of acute crisis. The 2020 H-2B visa lottery randomly gave some U.S. firms the chance to hire low-wage, migrant workers during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using administrative data across three...

We examine the consequences of South Korea's 2008-10 immigration reforms on the marriage market and intra-household outcomes. The reforms unintentionally reduced foreign bride inflows. Exploiting regional variation in exposure to the reforms and using uniquely rich data - administrative records,...

The correlation between rising asylum immigration and the electoral success of far-right anti-immigration parties has sparked concerns about a potential “Democratic Dilemma” – namely, a trade-off between a country’s openness to immigrants and the preservation of democratic institutional...

The presence of millions of irregular migrants in Europe poses a significant challenge for both policymakers and voters: how to protect individuals' fundamental rights and, at the same time, establish effective migration controls? We lack research evidence on how Europeans think about this...

We study how immigrant legalization affects political representation and public service delivery, focusing on the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), which granted legal status to nearly three million undocumented Hispanic migrants. Using geographic variation in IRCA exposure and...

By 2020, one in four Salvadorans lived abroad, with 88 percent residing in the United States. The remittances to GDP ratio was about 25 percent, highlighting the country's dependence on migration. This paper examines the effects of a major U.S. immigration enforcement program - Secure...

The number of Indian migrants in Germany has risen sharply in recent years. In particular, they are helping alleviate the shortage of skilled workers in STEM professions. For Germany, India is the most important country of origin for labour and education migration. Currently, the profile of...

How do asylum seekers affect host-country economies from a supply and demand perspective? What share of such immigration shocks is absorbed by existing vs. new businesses? To study these questions, we combine exclusive business registration and asylum seeker data for the universe of German...

This paper addresses a critical gap in migration literature by quantifying the opportunity cost of labour emigration for countries of origin within the European Union, using Greece and Poland as case studies from 2004 to 2019. Despite the growing policy and academic interest in the effects of...

On 5 September 2015, the German government suspended the EU's Dublin III regulations, allowing all asylum seekers to apply for asylum in Germany. This policy change motivated more than one million people, especially Syrians, Afghans, and Iraqis, to enter the country. This study examines the...