Although anthropologists along with historians and academic circles point to no ethnographic evidence to confirm or deny the existence of barter among the prehistoric people in the new Stone Age (the Neolithic epoch during 9000-6000 BC.), the 18th-century Scottish philosopher Adam Smith believed...

An impressive series of scandals and market crashes, including FTX, Celsius and Voyager, have shown the weaknesses of crypto-economy’s market infrastructures. Crypto-trading platforms have become dominant financial institutions, acting as trading venues, broker-dealers, and lenders at the same...

For an incompatible patient-donor pair, kidney exchanges often forbid receipt-before-donation (the patient receives a kidney before the donor donates) and donation-before-receipt, causing a double-coincidence-of-wants problem. Our proposed algorithm, the Unpaired kidney exchange algorithm, uses...

Commercial transactions are complex. More complex are the price–setting negotiations. In a commercial world cross-supplies are not uncommon and equally common is the trend of price adjustment wherein one lump-sum price is agreed as a final measure after offsetting different price components...

Modern exchange theories model a large market, but do not explain single exchanges. This paper considers the phenomenon of single exchange and formulates the general exchange problem in the form of a system of two equations, subjective and objective. Subjective equilibrium is given by the...

Patients requiring kidney transplant may have proxy donors: people who want to donate a kidney to the patient, but cannot due to medical incompatibility. However, patients can swap proxy donors, so that each swapping patient ends up with a compatible donor. Some patients, called overloaded, have...

We investigate consequences of ambiguity on efficient allocations in an exchange economy. Ambiguity is embodied in the model uncertainty perceived by the consumers: they are unsure what would be the appropriate probability measure to apply to evaluate consumption and keep in consideration a set...

In this paper we describe three independent implementations of a new agent-based model (ABM) that simulates a contemporary sports-betting exchange, such as those offered commercially by companies including Betfair, Smarkets, and Betdaq. The motivation for constructing this ABM, which is known as...

Most transplanted kidneys are from cadavers, but there are also substantial numbers of transplants from live donors. Recently, there have started to be kidney exchanges involving two donor-patient pairs such that each donor cannot give a kidney to the intended recipient because of immunological...

In connection with an earlier paper on the exchange of live donor kidneys (Roth, Sonmez, and Unver 2004) the authors entered into discussions with New England transplant surgeons and their colleagues in the transplant community, aimed at implementing a Kidney Exchange program. In the course of...

Patients needing kidney transplants may have willing donors who cannot donate to them because of blood or tissue incompatibility. Incompatible patient-donor pairs can exchange donor kidneys with other such pairs. The situation facing such pairs resembles models of the "double coincidence of...

Despite blockchain based cryptoassets trading since 2009, there has been a functional gap between on-chain transactions and trust based centralized exchanges. Uniswap, a decentralized exchange, bridges this gap. Uniswap’s constant product automated market maker enables the trading of...

This paper explores the private and social benefits from barter exchange in a monetized economy. We first prove a no-trade theorem regarding the ability of firms with double-coincidences-of-wants to negotiate improvements in trade among themselves relative to the market outcomes. We then...

Recently, Blanchard and Kremer (BK) argued that disorganization has led to the output decline in the former Soviet Union. In this paper we introduce liquidity and credit constraints into the BK model and show how these problems can alleviate the hold-up problem. We argue further that barter...

This article reviews recent theoretical contributions on digital piracy. It starts by elaborating on the reasons for intellectual property protection, by reporting a few facts about copyright protection, and by examining reasons to become a digital pirate. Next, it provides an exploration of the...

"What is measured by the amount of money?" this question is applicable to all kinds of money at all times. The answer can be the key to understanding money. The article offers an answer to this question. The paper considers the phenomenon of simple exchange and formulates the general exchange...

Does market interaction influence morality? We study a particular angle of this classic question theoretically and experimentally. The novelty of our approach is to posit that people are motivated by reciprocity; an urge many argued affects humans. We scrutinize how this shapes interaction in...

The success of alternative payment systems has led to discussion of various proposals to replace money with a new technology-based system, though many lack a clear idea of what exactly is the "money" they seek to replace. We begin by presenting the explanation of money's role in the economy...

Patients requiring kidney transplant may have proxy donors---individuals who wish to donate a kidney to the patient, but cannot due to medical incompatibility. Kidney exchange programs allow patients to swap proxy donors, so that all patients who swap get a compatible donor. Patients' utilities...

Recording industry revenue has fallen sharply in the last three years, and some -- but not all -- observers attribute this to file sharing. We collect new data on albums obtained via purchase and downloading, as well as the consumers' valuations of these albums, among a sample of US college...

Fiat money requires no backing to be accepted at a uniquely determined positive value. I show this using an equilibrium model with realistic frictions and rational households allowed to freely interact in a competitive environment. The model portrays a modern 'cashless' economy relying on...

The success of alternative payment systems has led to discussion of various proposals to replace money with a new technology-based system, though many lack a clear idea of what exactly is the “money” they seek to replace. We begin by presenting the explanation of money’s role in the...

Direct bartering allows us to do trading of assets with or without the use of money. We contribute a smart contract written in Solidity language for the Ethereum blockchain that implements a distributed and autonomous direct barter exchange operated by crowds. Since ERC20 smart contract tokens...

In this paper, I estimate the number of additional transplants generated by kidney exchanges. To do this, I analyze substitution patterns between exchange transplants and other transplant outcomes. Exploiting variation in patients exposure to exchange activity across time and place, I find that...

Most assets clear independently rather than jointly. This paper presents a model based on the uniform-price double auction which accommodates arbitrary restrictions on market clearing, including independent clearing across assets (allowed when demand for each asset is contingent only on the...

Pull contracts are extensively studied in supply chains, but without considering barter exchange, which can help to handle the excessive inventory. We examine this gap by exploring the implications of barter exchange in a wholesale-price pull contract within the framework of a two-level supply...

Bitcoin is traded in a number of exchanges, and there is a large and time-varying price dispersion among them. We identify the sources of price dispersion using a standard time-varying vector auto-regression model with stochastic volatility. Using weekly data over the past 3 years, we find that...

For an incompatible patient-donor pair, kidney exchanges often forbid receipt-before-donation (the patient receives a kidney before the donor donates) and donation-before-receipt, causing a double-coincidence-of-wants problem. Our proposal, the Unpaired kidney exchange algorithm, uses...

The Lucas (1978) Tree Model lies at the heart of modern macro-finance. At its core, it provides an analysis of the equilibrium price of a long-lived asset in an exchange economy where consumption is the objective, and the sole purpose of the asset is to smooth consumption through time....

A spectre is haunting World: the idea that money is nothing but an illusion, a thing no more real than a fiction we tell each other and we have decided to believe in. But behind the scenes, someone is quetioning this story and something is happening. Every day a new cryptocurrency is born. Among...