The Russian war in Ukraine has led to many fleeing the country. The Temporary Protection Directive applies to those from Ukraine but also those who received a residence permit in Ukraine as a refugee before 24 February 2022, as those who have fled from Belarus to Ukraine in recent years. We can...

Domestic repression and external autonomy of Belarus have developed in cyclical patterns since its independence. The country's narrowed action space that followed its elections in August 2020 has affected, not least, the security situation in the Baltic Sea region. Relations between Minsk and...

Domestic repression and external autonomy of Belarus have developed in cyclical patterns since its independence. The country's narrowed action space that followed its elections in August 2020 has affected, not least, the security situation in the Baltic Sea region. Relations between Minsk and...

The Russian war in Ukraine has led to many fleeing the country. The Temporary Protection Directive applies to those from Ukraine but also those who received a residence permit in Ukraine as a refugee before 24 February 2022, as those who have fled from Belarus to Ukraine in recent years. We can...

The purpose of this paper is to apply the theory of cycle of money to the cases of Belarus. Prior works have determined the economic characteristics of the case of Latvia, Serbia, and Bulgaria, according to the concept of the theory of cycle of money. The index of the cycle of money suggests how...

The report focuses on the effect of Kyrgyzstan’s possible accession to the Customs Union (CU) and Single Economic Space (SES) on the flow of labour resources, the volume of cash remittances, labour market conditions and professional education and training in this country. For that purpose the...

In 2009–2017, economies of Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan lived through periods of adverse external and domestic conditions characterized by weak external demand and falling export prices. Devaluation of domestic currencies following the sharp depreciation of the Russian ruble,...

The monetary policy of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus is aimed at supporting all market interest rates at a level that enables it to target inflation in order to ensure financial stability and sustainable economic development.The refinancing rate set by the National Bank is a key...

Die Diskussion um die Erweiterung der Europäischen Union (EU) hat neuen Schub bekommen. Vor dem Hintergrund des russischen Angriffskriegs gegen die Ukraine hat der Europäische Rat im Juni 2022 der Ukraine und der Republik Moldau jeweils den Status eines Beitrittskandidaten sowie Georgien den...

This study aims to contribute to understanding the potential risks and impacts of both explicit and implicit contingent liability shocks on government fiscal and debt positions in the EFSD recipient countries. Special attention is paid to the significance of state-owned enterprises and their...

Until 2020 Belarus will need to invest between USD 10–30 bn in its electricity sector. Under the current strategy only USD 675 m are to be invested annually in the entire energy industry (including heating). We argue that the planned financing mix, especially the high budget finance, is not...

This working paper takes into account six sources of financing - international reserves, swap arrangements, EFSD, IMF, multilateral development banks and bilateral financial support for macrostabilization. The analysis is of particular importance in the context of the current crisis associated...

We compare the economic growth performance of Belarus and Lithuania since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Our interest in this country pair is driven by the two countries' interwoven histories as well as by the fact that Belarus remains autocratic and strongly tied to Russia, while...

This report contributes to the scarce literature on labor market outcomes of different levels of education and returns to education in Belarus. Previous calculations of returns to education in Belarus were carried out for 1996-2001 (Pastore and Verashchagina 2006) and for 1995-2011 (Chubrik...

The NBRB revised in 2018 its regulation on asset classification and provisioning (the Regulation). One of the main changes was the introduction of a new definition for NPLs based on the current framework of risk groups (RGs). This definition substitutes the previous term 'problem assets.' One of...

World experience shows that public participation in the budget process and openness in the public sector are the necessary conditions for a proper economic strategy of the State. Financial openness contributes to the efficient collection and distribution of public resources. It expands the...

We compare the economic growth performance of Belarus and Lithuania since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Our interest in this country pair is driven by the two countries' interwoven histories as well as by the fact that Belarus remains autocratic and strongly tied to Russia, while...

This article defines the importance of application of the cooperative resource model in the process of innovation implementation. It provides an algorithm for the development of innovative start-ups. The research describes the basic techniques for innovative ideas generation, basic models for...

The Republic of Belarus, like any other developing country, pays special attention to the development of an effective and dynamic innovation infrastructure that creates favourable conditions for innovation start-ups, introducing the country on a global scale, increasing export potential, solving...

Analysis of the activities of innovation infrastructure entities on the basis of created performance matrices for 2016-2019 showed the existence of considerable growth potential for STP and TTC, that requires dynamic and comprehensive development in the productivity of employees of these...

The COVID-19 pandemic shut down sporting events. However, the Belarusian Premier League was the only top-flight European league not suspended during COVID-19 pandemics. In this study, we analyze the effect of attending football matches on the number of COVID-19 cases. The results show, that 1%...

Technology and change have a great impact on every aspect of life, including education. Educational institutions are undoubtedly an important part of this whole process. Educational institutions are facing major cultural, demographic and, above all, technological changes. Today, teachers are...

This paper was presented at the 2019 Oxford Conference: Transplanting the EU Competition Framework – Trends and Challenges: Eastern Europe, https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/events/transplanting-eu-competition-framework-trends-and-challenges-eastern-europeThis paper assesses the procedural rules of...

Unlike in many other transition countries, where the gender pay gap has remained stable while female employment rates have reduced, in the case of Belarus women' activity rate has been practically unchanged despite an increase in the gender pay gap. This paper investigates why this is the case...

The situation in Belarus after the rigged presidential elections in August 2020 have been negatively affecting the economic condition of this country. In this context, a question may be asked about the further possible increase in the scale of migration from Belarus to Poland. In this paper –...

This paper suggests an analytical framework to analyse the joint evolution of female participation and wages across countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the Former Soviet Union (FSU), of which Belarus is a particular case. In CEE, female participation has reduced relatively more...

The gradualist approach to economic transition in Belarus would contribute to form the a priori expectation that the rate of return to education is low and the earnings profile by work experience flat, like they supposedly were under central-planning. However, the first available estimates of...

This paper uncovers evidence on the distribution of wages in Belarus in the second half of the 1990s. The returns to education and work experience are high and stable, which is atypical for a transition country. This might be due to the pervasive role of the state in fixing wages in the dominant...

Belarusian economy has been stagnating in 2011-2015 after 15 years of a high annual average growth rate. In 2015, after four years of stagnation, the Belarusian economy slid into a recession, its first since 1996, and experienced both cyclical and structural recessions. Since 2015, the...

Belarus was among the few post-communist countries to resign from comprehensive market reforms and attempt to improve the efficiency of the economy through administrative means, leaving market mechanisms only an auxiliary role. Since its inception, the 'Belarusian economic model' has undergone...

The Eastern Partnership (EaP) is a joint policy initiative, which aims to deepen and strengthen relations between the European Union (EU) and its six Eastern neighbours. One of its four priority areas is stronger connectivity which includes the extension of the Trans European Transport Network...

The purpose of this road map is to assess the current capabilities of the Belarus hydrometeorological service to produce and deliver products and services based on the user needs. The analysis identifies gaps and challenges in producing and delivering fit-for-purpose weather, climate,...

After more than a decade of strong growth, interrupted only by the 2008-2009 global financial crisis, Belarus' economy has encountered major headwinds. Since 2012, growth has stalled, macroeconomic imbalances have intensified, and public finances have deteriorated. Unlike regional peers, the...