We examine the impact of ESG rating disagreement on the relationship between ESG ratings and firm performance. We find that ESG ratings are negatively associated with firm performance. Moreover, ESG rating disagreement positively moderates the relationship between ESG ratings and firm...

This paper studies ecospirituality - spiritual views that people have about the natural world. First, utilizing folklore data from around 1,000 pre-industrial societies, we present the first comprehensive global measurement of ecospirituality. Our analysis reveals systematic cultural variation:...

Do citizens support policy instruments because they appreciate their effects or because they are convinced by their objectives? We administered a large-scale representative survey with randomised video treatments to test how different policy frames - time savings, health and environment - affect...

The study aims to gather a robust evidence base as an input to the evaluation, in order to provide an in-depth analysis of the performance of the Directive since 2019. An assessment of the current issues raised by businesses, citizens and administrations and their impacts is also provided. The...

The study aims to gather a robust evidence base as an input to the evaluation, in order to provide an in-depth analysis of the performance of the Directive since 2019. An assessment of the current issues raised by businesses, citizens and administrations and their impacts is also provided. The...

This study assesses the continued relevance and European added value of the 2014 Public Procurement Directives against the backdrop of recent crises, technological advances, and evolving EU policy priorities. The analysis finds that while the Directives have enhanced transparency, legal...

The paper investigates gender biases and differential treatment of women and men in the business start-up phase. A sample of 498 entrepreneurs from Slovakia participated in an online experiment and evaluated three fictitious business plans in terms of the applicants' competence, likeability, and...

Attitudes toward the roles of women and men in society have become more egalitarian in Germany and most countries around the world since World War II. Recently, however, this process has slowed significantly, even reversing in some places. In most countries, the attitudes of the youngest ten age...

This paper surveys beliefs about the climate impact of green investing among academic experts and retail investors. Using the views of academic experts as a benchmark, we show that retail investors have overly optimistic climate impact beliefs. While most academic experts do not believe that a...

People often misjudge what others need to live well. We introduce and measure well-being norms - the income people believe others require for a good life - and show that these beliefs are systematically underestimated. In a preregistered U.S. survey, 85-86% of respondents reported thresholds...

Biodiversity is the variety of life at genetic, species, and ecosystems levels. It is essential to sustain human life, food security, crop yields, jobs, livelihoods, and marine productivity. Yet, it is declining at an unprecedented rate as the planet approaches a tipping point that could have...

The Country Opinion Survey in Tajikistan assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Tajikistan perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private...

The Country Opinion Survey in Malawi assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Malawi perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and...

The Country Opinion Survey in Mexico assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Mexico perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and...

The Results and Performance of the World Bank Group 2025 (RAP 2025) report presents a two-part review of the lending and non-lending support of the World Bank Group. Part 1 will focus on trends in project- and country-level effectiveness and will be anchored in the Bank Group's Outcomes...

The Country Opinion Survey in Peru assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Peru perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and...

The Country Opinion Survey in Colombia assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Colombia perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector,...

The Country Opinion Survey in Ecuador assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Ecuador perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector,...

The Country Opinion Survey in Ethiopia assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Ethiopia perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector,...

The Country Opinion Survey in Kazakhstan assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Kazakhstan perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private...

The Country Opinion Survey in Cameroon assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Cameroon perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector,...

The Country Opinion Survey in Gabon assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Gabon perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and...

This study examines the pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors of individuals across different age groups. We compare young adults with older adults in an online experiment with German participants. We use an incentivized task - the Work for Environment Protection task (WEPT) - to measure...