We study the objectivity of officiating under extreme pressure by analysing additional time played at the 2022 FIFA World Cup and 2024 UEFA European Championship. Controlling for within-match events, rules should be applied consistently across both halves of a football match. However, we argue...

If a sample is designated by a standard sampling strategy and if the character of the study satisfies a predetermined statement for an independent unit in the sample, then the items in the locality remain automatically in the sample. This type of method of selection of sampling units is called...

This paper addresses the problem of estimating the finite population variance of the study variable y using information on the known population variance of the auxiliary variable x in sample surveys. We have suggested a class of estimators for population variance using information on population...

A decision maker (DM) must choose between two projects or decide on no project. The expected benefits of these projects are correlated. The DM seeks advice from an agent with private information about the projects' benefits. However, the agent's divergent preferences for projects and lack of...

In this paper we have proposed an efficient ratio-type exponential estimator for estimating the population mean of the study variable, by incorporating two auxiliary variables in twophase (double) sampling. The bias and the mean square error of the proposed estimator have been obtained up to the...

In this paper, a new improved calibration estimator for the population mean in a stratified sampling was proposed using two auxiliary variables. A simulation study was carried out to evaluate the performance and efficiency of the proposed estimator with respect to three estimators considered in...

The present study concerns the issue of estimating the population mean and presents novel and improved regressed exponential estimators using different parameters of an auxiliary character based on sub-sampling non-respondents. The bias and mean square error (MSE) of the proposed estimators for...

Improper quality adjustment has long been identified as a source of potential measurement bias in consumer price indices (CPIs). However, as no benchmark for quality adjustment exists, it has always been difficult to estimate a potential bias. For this paper, we develop a corridor in which...

We present the first systematic analysis of how countries cover each other in the news, using a newly constructed dataset of 55,240 media sources from 176 countries between 2015 and 2022, drawing upon a corpus of 1.4 billion online news articles. We document a pattern of global media bias:...

We test whether forecast bias affects individual investors' stock trading by combining bias measures from laboratory experiments with administrative trade data. Forecast bias is positively associated with past excess returns of purchased stocks: Compared to contrarians, extrapolators purchase...

Football referees possess substantial discretion in allocating stoppage time, a decision that is comparatively opaque yet potentially consequential for match outcomes. This paper examines whether stoppage time allocation contributes to home advantage in contemporary European professional...

The Financial Lobster Bias describes how SMEs, driven by distorted liquidity perceptions, engage in aggressive expansion until financial breakdown occurs. Using data from 10,412 Spanish SMEs (2000-2024), this study shows that liquidity misperception-measured through two versions of the Liquidity...

Advice plays a central role in health, personal finance, and energy-efficiency decisions. We study how a benevolent expert should design verifiable advice - such as whether to commission a diagnostic test of different accuracy - when the agent is behaviorally biased, either neglecting...

This study develops a flexible and efficient generalized ratio-product cum regression-type estimator of population variance utilizing auxiliary variable in two-phase sampling that incorporates the properties of ratio-type and product-type estimators. The properties of the estimator were derived...

We demonstrate that all meta-analyses of partial correlations are biased, and yet hundreds of meta-analyses of partial correlation coefficients (PCC) are conducted each year widely across economics, business, education, psychology, and medical research. To address these biases, we offer a new...

This paper examines the puzzle of why economic inequality has not resulted in political countermeasures to mitigate it, and proposes that the reason is due to misperceptions of economic inequality caused by segregation in social networks. We model taxation and voting behavior with an exponential...

The search for an efficient estimator of the finite population mean has been a critical problem to the sample survey research community. This study is motivated by the fact that the conducted literature review showed that no research has developed such an average ratio estimator of the...

Predictive AI is increasingly used to guide decisions on agents. I show that even a bias-neutral predictive AI can potentially amplify exogenous (human) bias in settings where the predictive AI represents a cost-adjusted precision gain to unbiased predictions, and the final judgments are made by...

We study the objectivity of officiating under extreme pressure by analysing additional time played at the 2022 FIFA World Cup and 2024 UEFA European Championship. Controlling for within-match events, rules should be applied consistently across both halves of a football match. However, we argue...

The increasing integration of technological aids, such as the video assistant referee (VAR), is fundamentally transforming decision-making processes in professional football, especially influencing critical match moments. Penalty kicks, characterised by technical simplicity but intense...

Fixed effects estimation, with linear controls for stratum membership, is often used to estimate treatment effects when assignment propensities differ across strata. In the presence of heterogeneity in treatment effects across strata, this estimator does not target the average treatment effect,...

This article addresses the ethical design of artificial intelligence (AI) in the public sector, with a particular focus on Public Employment Services (PES). While AI is increasingly employed to streamline administrative processes and improve service delivery, its application in employment...

The German Constitutional Court is not only selective in publishing its rulings. Actually more than 90% of the rulings do even come without written reasons (and are then not made publicly available either). As there is no comparison group to study, one cannot try to find causes, let alone...

The EU Artificial Intelligence Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689) designates AI systems used in life and health insurance underwriting as high-risk systems, imposing rigorous requirements for bias testing, technical documentation, and post-deployment monitoring. Leveraging 12.4 million...

The German Constitutional Court is not only selective in publishing its rulings. Actually more than 90% of the rulings do even come without written reasons (and are then not made publicly available either). As there is no comparison group to study, one cannot try to find causes, let alone...