Since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, a process of securitisation of the European Union's (EU) external action can be observed. From an institutional perspective, the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) increasingly overlaps with the Common Security and Defence...

Since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, a process of securitisation of the European Union's (EU) external action can be observed. From an institutional perspective, the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) increasingly overlaps with the Common Security and Defence...

This policy brief examines the strategic importance of the South Caucasus and its pivotal role in the European Union's evolving engagement with Central Asia. The regional landscape, however, remains highly volatile. Russia's aggression in Ukraine has had direct and indirect repercussions for the...

The political debate over implementing qualified majority voting (QMV) into the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) is of high political relevance, especially given the shifting geopolitical landscape in Europe, including Russia's aggression against Ukraine and uncertainties regarding the...

The political debate over implementing qualified majority voting (QMV) into the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) is of high political relevance, especially given the shifting geopolitical landscape in Europe, including Russia’s aggression against Ukraine and uncertainties regarding...

Africa is plagued by some of the most brutal and violent conflicts in the world. Peacekeeping missions play a crucial role in maintaining stability and security in conflict-prone regions, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Both the European Union (EU) and the African Union (AU) are involved in...

Taking their fate into their own hands, EU heads of state and government endorsed the Strategic Compass on 24 March 2022, a roadmap for becoming a stronger security and defence actor. The shared threat assessment, a first in the history of the EU, is a positive development. Rewritten over the...

Sanctions imposed by the European Union (EU) against Russia following Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine brought about an unprecedented emphasis on sanctions implementation and enforcement, which - in contrast to decision-making - have traditionally relied on a decentralised system. This has...

Introduction : the European Union, decarbonisation and foreign policy -- Nigeria : addressing fragility away from oil? -- Indonesia : building a partnership beyond fossil fuels and palm oil -- Azerbaijan : partnership potential beyond gas? -- Colombia : the double challenge of internal...

The aim of this research paper is to review the recent emergence on the European scene of the concept of open strategic autonomy and the consequences it may have for EU action. Originally stemming from the language of the common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and the common security and...

With Joe Biden’s victory, there is at least a four-year window to revive ‘an alliance of democracies’, face up to authoritarian powers and closed economies that exploit the openness on which American and European societies are built, and shape those parts of multilateralism that serve...

The aim of this research paper is to review the recent emergence on the European scene of the concept of open strategic autonomy and the consequences it may have for EU action. Originally stemming from the language of the common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and the common security and...

The EU has made democracy support a stronger aspect in its relations with African countries since 2002. However, a broad range of political and economic dynamics within as well as outside of Europe challenge democracy and its supporters: the rise of non-democratic countries such as China,...

Wirtschaftliche Integration und Freizügigkeit auf dem afrikanischen Kontinent und zwischen den Sub-Regionen sind wesentliche Bestandteile panafrikanischer Entwicklungsambitionen. Immer mehr Studien weisen jedoch darauf hin, dass Ansätze der EU, die auf die Verhinderung irregulärer Migration...

Introduction : the European Union, decarbonisation and foreign policy -- Nigeria : addressing fragility away from oil? -- Indonesia : building a partnership beyond fossil fuels and palm oil -- Azerbaijan : partnership potential beyond gas? -- Colombia : the double challenge of internal...

"EU-Middle East relations are multifaceted, varied and complex, shaped by historical, political, economic, migratory, social and cultural dynamics. Covering these relations from a broad perspective that captures continuities, ruptures and entanglements, this handbook provides a clearer...

This report presents trends that are likely to impact the future of migration in the European Union and delineates four possible future migration scenarios towards 2030. These narrative scenarios are then applied into a set of interactive tools that stimulate forward-looking and strategic...

This report presents trends that are likely to impact the future of migration in the European Union and delineates four possible future migration scenarios towards 2030. These narrative scenarios are then applied into a set of interactive tools that stimulate forward-looking and strategic...

"While provisions relating to a common commercial policy (CCP) were already to be found in Articles 110- 116 of the original Treaty of Rome, and a common customs tariff was established during the 1960s,1 it was only in an Opinion of 1975 that the European Court of Justice (ECJ) confirmed...

This book examines the motivations for the European Union's (EU) policy towards the Common Market of the South (Mercosur), the EU's most important relationship with another regional economic integration organisation. It argues that the dominant explanations in the literature - balancing the US,...

In a globalized world, characterized by profound shifts in the dynamics of global power and by diverse threats to peace and security, the European Union should be an active and peace-promoter actor, according to its founding principles. Thus, the European crisis left hard to heal scars within...

Energy security has climbed the list of EU energy and foreign policy priorities in the last decade. This process was accelerated by the shock of the 2006 and 2009 disruptions in Russian gas supply through Ukraine, and by the new possibilities offered by the Lisbon Treaty. Efforts have been...